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Changes at "But Montaigne, who liked to fancy that his family (the Eyquem line) was of English extraction"
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- -{"en"=>"Chemical Product"}
- +{"en"=>"But Montaigne, who liked to fancy that his family (the Eyquem line) was of English extraction"}
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-["
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are on the brink of widespread use for the targeted treatment of cancer. ADCs manage the toxicity of drugs with unacceptable narrow therapeutic windows by guiding highly toxic compounds to the target cells, thereby sparing healthy cells. Drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) is an important quality attribute of ADC drugs, which represents the average number of antibody-conjugated small molecule cytotoxic drugs. Lower DAR will reduce the potency of ADC, but higher DAR will affect the ADC analysis pharmacokinetics and toxicity. In addition, the conjugation method is an important factor affecting DAR. Only by selecting a suitable conjugation technology can the ADC toxin be conjugated to the antibody uniformly and stably.
\nWhy Does ADC Need DAR Analysis?
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Drug distribution can be differentiated because conjugation reaction at different amino acid residues of mAbs leads to different types of ADCs, such as lysine conjugation, cysteine conjugation, or engineered conjugation. Different drug distribution may contribute to very different pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties, directly affecting the efficacy and safety of ADCs. Therefore, drug distribution must be characterized to ensure the efficiency and safety of ADCs. The DAR calculation is closely relevant to the drug load distribution. Normally, analysis of the average DAR as well as its drug load distribution should consider several factors, including conjugation strategies, linkers, small-molecule payloads and platform applications.DAR and Drug Distribution Analysis Services
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Ultraviolet-Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy
UV/Vis spectroscopy is a simple and convenient method to determine protein concentrations as well as the average number of drugs that are conjugated to the antibody in an ADC. This method requires that the UV/VIS spectra of the drug and antibody have different Amax values. The average DAR can be determined by using the measured ADC absorbance and the extinction coefficient of mAb at Amax and the extinction coefficient of drug at Amax. Currently, this technology has been widely used in the detection of various cytotoxic ADC drugs, such as maytansinoid DM1, methotrexate, CC-1065 analogues, adriamycin, the doxorubicin, calicheamicin analogues and vc-MMAE. -
+["
Bacon&gid://decidim-openheritage/Decidim::Hashtag/28/39;s essays, published in book form in 1597 (only five years after the death of Montaigne, containing the first ten of his essays),[7] 1612, and 1625, were the first works in English that described themselves as essays. Ben Jonson first used the word essayist in 1609, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Other English essayists included Sir William Cornwallis, who published essays in 1600 and 1617 that were popular at the time,[7] Robert Burton (1577–1641) and Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682). In Italy, Baldassare Castiglione wrote about courtly manners in his essay Il Cortigiano. In the 17th century, the Spanish Jesuit Baltasar Gracián wrote about the theme of wisdom.[8]
\nIn England, during the Age of Enlightenment, essays were a favored tool of polemicists who aimed at convincing readers of their position; they also featured heavily in the rise of periodical literature, as seen in the works of Joseph Addison, Richard Steele and Samuel Johnson. Addison and Steele used the journal Tatler (founded in 1709 by Steele) and its successors as storehouses of their work, and they became the most celebrated eighteenth-century essayists in England. Johnson&gid://decidim-openheritage/Decidim::Hashtag/28/39;s essays appear during the 1750s in various similar publications.[7] As a result of the focus on journals, the term also acquired a meaning synonymous with "article", although the content may not the strict definition. On the other hand, Locke&gid://decidim-openheritage/Decidim::Hashtag/28/39;s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is not an essay at all, or cluster of essays, in the technical sense, but still it refers to the experimental and tentative nature of the inquiry which the philosopher was undertaking.[7]
\nIn the 18th and 19th centuries, Edmund Burke and Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote essays for the general public. The early 19th century, in particular, saw a proliferation of great essayists in English—William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt and Thomas De Quincey all penned numerous essays on diverse subjects, reviving the earlier graceful style. Thomas Carlyle&gid://decidim-openheritage/Decidim::Hashtag/28/39;s essays were highly influential, and one of his readers, Ralph Waldo Emerson, became a prominent essayist himself. Later in the century, Robert Louis Stevenson also raised the form&gid://decidim-openheritage/Decidim::Hashtag/28/39;s literary level.[9] In the 20th century, a number of essayists, such as T.S. Eliot, tried to explain the new movements in art and culture by using essays. Virginia Woolf, Edmund Wilson, and Charles du Bos wrote literary criticism essays.[8]
\nIn France, several writers produced longer works with the title of essai that were not true examples of the form. However, by the mid-19th century, the Causeries du lundi, newspaper columns by the critic Sainte-Beuve, are literary essays in the original sense. Other French writers followed suit, including Théophile Gautier, Anatole France, Jules Lemaître and Émile Faguet.[9]
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